Category Archives: Sosyal Hareketler

Kolombiyaโ€™nฤฑn ร‡atฤฑrdayan BarฤฑลŸฤฑ

Bu yazฤฑ Bianet, Biamag iรงin yazฤฑlmฤฑลŸtฤฑr.

FARC (Kolombiya Devrimci Silahlฤฑ Gรผรงleri )ve Kolombiya devleti arasฤฑnda 2016 yฤฑlฤฑnda imzalanan barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑ ile birlikte yarฤฑm yรผzyฤฑl boyunca devam eden รงatฤฑลŸma sรผrecinin nihai sona getirmesi umuluyordu. FARC, 2016 sonbaharฤฑnda  imzalanan anlaลŸmadan yedi ay sonra uluslararasฤฑ gรถzlemcilerin eลŸliฤŸinde silahlarฤฑnฤฑ teslim etmiลŸ ve partileลŸme sรผrecine odaklanmฤฑลŸtฤฑ[1]. Verilen silahlar Bogotaโ€™da Fragmentos (Parรงalar) isimli yapฤฑnฤฑn tabanฤฑna barฤฑลŸฤฑ simgelemek iรงin parke taลŸฤฑ olarak dรถลŸenmiลŸti. Kapsayฤฑcฤฑ barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑ ve toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifi[2] iรงerdiฤŸinden รถtรผrรผ barฤฑลŸ รงalฤฑลŸmalarฤฑnda da รถrnek olarak gรถsterilen bu sรผreรง, akademisyen ve aktivistler tarafฤฑndan da ilgiyle takip edilmiลŸti.

Kolombiyaโ€™daki barฤฑลŸ sรผreci hala akademisyenler ve aktivistlerin gรผndeminde fakat รถzellikle geรงtiฤŸimiz yฤฑldaki geliลŸmeler barฤฑลŸ sรผrecin รงatฤฑrdadฤฑฤŸฤฑna dair iลŸaretler veriyor. ร–zellikle COVID-19 salgฤฑnฤฑ ile birlikte insan haklarฤฑ aktivistlerine, topluluk liderlerine artan saldฤฑrฤฑlar ve hรผkรผmetin sรผreci yรผrรผtmedeki baลŸarฤฑsฤฑzlฤฑฤŸฤฑ endiลŸe yaratฤฑyor. Bu yazฤฑ geriye doฤŸru giden sรผrecin adฤฑmlarฤฑnฤฑ ve son geliลŸmeleri, literatรผr ve haberleri รถzetlemeyi amaรงlฤฑyor.  

Referandum ve Muhafazakar BaลŸkan Duqueโ€™nin Seรงimi ile BaลŸlayan Gerileme

2016 sonbaharฤฑndan bugรผne barฤฑลŸ sรผreci nasฤฑl evirildi ? ร–rnek bir barฤฑลŸ sรผrecinden, รงatฤฑrdayan bir duruma nasฤฑl ulaลŸฤฑldฤฑ? TartฤฑลŸmaya anlaลŸmadan sonra gerรงekleลŸen referandum ile baลŸlayabiliriz. AnlaลŸmanฤฑn imzalanmasฤฑnฤฑn hemen ardฤฑndan halk oylamasฤฑna sunulan barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑ, yรผzde 50,24 oyla reddedildi. O zamanki cumhurbaลŸkanฤฑ Juan Manuel Santos ve FARC liderliฤŸi buna raฤŸmen รงatฤฑลŸmayฤฑ dindiren aรงฤฑklamalarda bulundu. Open Democracyโ€™nin yorumuna gรถre anlaลŸma, referanduma sunulduฤŸunda siyasi bir araรง haline geldiฤŸinde ivmesini kaybetti ve kutuplaลŸma toplumsal barฤฑลŸฤฑn รถnรผnรผ kesti. Fakat Santosโ€™un barฤฑลŸฤฑ koruyan tavrฤฑ, FARCโ€™ฤฑn ateลŸkesi korumasฤฑ ve uluslararasฤฑ toplumun desteฤŸi barฤฑลŸ sรผrecini canlฤฑ tutmaya devam etti.

AnlaลŸmanฤฑn รงatฤฑrdamasฤฑnฤฑ saฤŸlayan ana faktรถrlerden birinin 2018 yฤฑlฤฑnda muhafazakar ve anlaลŸmayฤฑ eleลŸtiren Ivรกn Duque’nin cumhurbaลŸkanฤฑ seรงilmesi olduฤŸunu sรถylemek mรผmkรผn. Atlantic dergisinde yazan Juan Arredondoโ€™ya gรถre ลŸiddetin artmasฤฑnda bir รงok faktรถrรผn yanฤฑnda รถncelikli olarak barฤฑลŸa siyasi desteฤŸin olmamasฤฑ รถne รงฤฑkฤฑyor. Duque’nin seรงimi ile birlikte ลŸiddette aรงฤฑk bir artฤฑลŸ ve siyasi katฤฑlฤฑmda sarsฤฑntฤฑ yaลŸandฤฑ. Artan ลŸiddet ortamฤฑnda Duque, anlaลŸmanฤฑn getirdiฤŸi adalet mekanizmalarฤฑnฤฑ ve sรผreรง iรงin gereken bรผtรงeyi hedef aldฤฑ.

FARCโ€™ฤฑn siyasi temsilindeki kฤฑrฤฑlmalarฤฑndan biri geรงtiฤŸimiz sene yaลŸandฤฑ. BarฤฑลŸ gรถrรผลŸmeleri sฤฑrasฤฑnda grubu temsil eden kฤฑdemli bir FARC komutanฤฑ olan Ivรกn Mรกrquez, Senato koltuฤŸunu bฤฑrakฤฑp saklandฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ aรงฤฑkladฤฑ ve daha sonra kendisinin ve bir grup muhalifin yeniden silahlandฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ sรถyledi. Bu kararฤฑnฤฑ hรผkรผmetin ihanetinden รถtรผrรผ aldฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ belirtti[3]. Ayrฤฑca 2019 sonbaharฤฑnฤฑn sonlarฤฑnda Kolombiya ordusu tarafฤฑndan dรผzenlenen askeri baskฤฑnda 12-17 yaลŸ arasฤฑ 8 รงocuฤŸun รถldรผrรผldรผฤŸรผ haberi geldi ve Ivรกn Duque ve kabine รผyelerine karลŸฤฑ artan hoลŸnutsuzluฤŸu kรถrรผkledi. Artan ลŸiddet, yolsuzluk ve hรผkรผmete karลŸฤฑ ekonomik hoลŸnutsuzluฤŸun birleลŸmesi ile kitlesel eylemler gerรงekleลŸti. Hรผkรผmetin barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑna sadฤฑk kalacaฤŸฤฑna dair inanรงta รถnemli bir dรผลŸรผลŸ oldu.

Akademik รงalฤฑลŸmalar ve uluslararasฤฑ gรถzlemciler hรผkรผmetin barฤฑลŸ iรงin gerekenleri yapmadฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑn ฤฑsrarla altฤฑnฤฑ รงiziyor. BarฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑ ile birlikte NormalleลŸme iรงin Yerel GeรงiลŸ Alanlarฤฑ, FARCโ€™ฤฑn sivil hayata yeniden entegre edilmesi iรงin kurumsal yapฤฑ ve รผlkenin hazฤฑrlanmasฤฑ iรงin gerekli koลŸullarฤฑnฤฑ yaratmak amacฤฑyla oluลŸturulmuลŸtu[4]. Madrid Complutense รœniversitesiโ€™nden Rios Sierraโ€™nฤฑn da belirttiฤŸi gibi yerel dรผzeyde รงรถzรผlmemiลŸ bรถlgesel hรผkรผmet yetersizlikleri de รถzellikle FARC ile silahlฤฑ รงatฤฑลŸmanฤฑn vurduฤŸu bรถlgenin รงoฤŸunda yokluฤŸu hakim kฤฑlฤฑyor ve yeni bir ลŸiddet dalgasฤฑ yaratฤฑyor. Hรผkรผmetin yetersiz finansmanฤฑnฤฑn sรผreci baltaladฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ belirten Rios Sierra kaynaklarฤฑn ลŸiddetten en รงok etkilenen yerlere daฤŸฤฑtฤฑlmasฤฑndaki aลŸฤฑrฤฑ yavaลŸlฤฑฤŸฤฑn; ya da yasal engellerin bu gerilemeyi yarattฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ sรถylรผyor. Akademisyen Shauna N. Gillooly de bu bรถlgelerde, hรผkรผmetin anlaลŸmalarda vaat ettiฤŸi saฤŸlฤฑk, iรงme suyu ve barฤฑnaฤŸฤฑn yokluฤŸunu vurguluyor. Yerelin sorunlarฤฑna, ihtiyaรงlarฤฑna ve dinamiklerine odaklanmayan bir sรผreรง ise aลŸaฤŸฤฑda bahsedilecek ลŸiddet sarmalฤฑnฤฑ kรถrรผklรผyor.

Pandemi Kฤฑskacฤฑnda Topluluk Lideri ve Hak Arayฤฑcฤฑlarฤฑna Yรถnelik Saldฤฑlar ve Suikastler

London School of Economics (LSE) bรผnyesindeki Kadฤฑn, BarฤฑลŸ ve Gรผvenlik Merkeziโ€™nde araลŸtฤฑrmalarฤฑnฤฑ yรผrรผten Dr. Elena B. Stavrevska Kolombiyaโ€™da barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑ imzalandฤฑฤŸฤฑndan beri siyasal ลŸiddet ve cinayetlerin arttฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑn[5] ve รถzellikle pandemide รถldรผrรผlen aktivist ve topluluk liderlerinin sayฤฑsฤฑnฤฑn รงok yรผkseldiฤŸinin altฤฑnฤฑ รงiziyor. BirleลŸmiลŸ Milletler (BM) 2020’nin baลŸฤฑndan bu yana en az 42 katliam kaydettiฤŸini, ve bunun 2016’nฤฑn eski FARC savaลŸรงฤฑlarฤฑyla barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑnฤฑn imzalanmasฤฑndan bu yana en yรผksek rakam olduฤŸunu sรถyledi. Uluslararasฤฑ Kriz Grubuโ€™nun raporuna gรถre 2016’dan bu yana en az 415 topluluk lideri รถldรผrรผldรผ ve yรผzlerce daha fazla tacize uฤŸradฤฑ veya zorla yerinden edildi.

Daha รงok yerelde yaลŸanan bu ลŸiddet sรผreci barฤฑลŸฤฑn neden gerilediฤŸini anlamak iรงin รงok รถnemli. AnlaลŸmanฤฑn รงatฤฑrdamasฤฑnda bir รถnemli noktanฤฑn ise suรง รงeteleri ve uyuลŸturucu kaรงakรงฤฑlarฤฑ yeniden ortaya รงฤฑkmasฤฑ olduฤŸunu sรถylemek mรผmkรผn. Arredondoโ€™nun gรถsterdiฤŸigi gibi bu gruplar Kolombiyaโ€™nฤฑn yasa dฤฑลŸฤฑ uyuลŸturucu ve madencilik endรผstrilerini kontrol etmek iรงin sendika รถrgรผtleyicileri, yerli liderler, รงevreciler ve topluluk aktivistlerini hedef alฤฑyor. Bu gruplar silah bฤฑrakan FARC militanlarฤฑnฤฑn bรถlgelerinde kontrol saฤŸlamayฤฑ amaรงlฤฑyor. Devlet ise yereldeki lider ve hak arayฤฑcฤฑlarฤฑnฤฑ koruyamฤฑyor.

Uluslararasฤฑ Kriz Grubuโ€™nun birkaรง gรผn รถnce yayฤฑnlanan raporu cinayetlerin bรผyรผk รงoฤŸunluฤŸu Antioquia, Cauca ve Chocรณ gibi รงatฤฑลŸmalardan uzun sรผredir etkilenen bรถlgelerde meydana geldiฤŸini belirtiyor. Rapora gรถre savcฤฑlar tarafฤฑndan tutulan rakamlar, cinayetlerin yรผzde 59’unun kimliฤŸi tespit edilebilen silahlฤฑ gruplara, yรผzde 39’unun bilinmeyen kiลŸi veya gruplara ve yรผzde 2’sinin askeri gรถrevlilere atfedilebileceฤŸini gรถsteriyor. ร‡alฤฑลŸmanฤฑn belirttiฤŸi gibi suikastlar ve tehditler kolektife โ€œsessiz kalma, belirli haklarฤฑ savunmayฤฑ bฤฑrakma veya silahlฤฑ gruplarฤฑn รงizdiฤŸi gรถrรผnmez sฤฑnฤฑrlar iรงinde kalma[6]โ€ mesajฤฑnฤฑ yolluyor. Aynฤฑ zamanda kadฤฑnlarฤฑn cinsel ลŸiddet tehdidi alma veya รงocuklarฤฑnฤฑn ya da aile รผyelerinin taciz edildiฤŸini gรถrme olasฤฑlฤฑklarฤฑnฤฑn รงok daha yรผksek olduฤŸunun altฤฑ รงiziliyor. โ€œLGBT topluluฤŸunun liderleri, kendilerine yรถnelik ลŸiddet iรงeren ve hatta รถlรผmcรผl niyetlere aรงฤฑk bir referans olan โ€œsosyal temizlikโ€ ihtiyacฤฑnฤฑ รถne sรผren mesajlar aldฤฑklarฤฑnฤฑ[7]โ€ bildiriyor.

KOVID-19 baฤŸlamฤฑnda ise altฤฑ aya yakฤฑn bir sรผre boyunca virรผsรผn yayฤฑlmasฤฑnฤฑ sฤฑnฤฑrlamak iรงin รผlke iรงi seyahatlerin kฤฑsฤฑtlanmasฤฑ ile birรงok uzaktaki topluluฤŸun izole edildiฤŸi vurgusu yapฤฑlฤฑyor ve โ€œsilahlฤฑ gruplar hรผkรผmetin dikkat daฤŸฤฑnฤฑklฤฑฤŸฤฑndan yararlanarak topraklardaki kontrollerini sฤฑkฤฑลŸtฤฑrdฤฑklarฤฑโ€ sรถyleniyor. Pandemi sรผrecindeki veriler iki aylฤฑk kฤฑsฤฑtlamalar esnasฤฑnda, topluluk lider cinayetlerinin, ulusal cinayet oranฤฑ yรผzde 16 dรผลŸerken, yรผzde 53 arttฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ gรถsteriyor[8].

Kฤฑrฤฑlgan Gelecek

Mevcut geliลŸmeler hรผkรผmetin barฤฑลŸฤฑ tesis etmesi iรงin hem gรผven saฤŸlamasฤฑ hem de saฤŸlam adฤฑmlar atmasฤฑ gerektiฤŸini gรถsteriyor. ร–zellikle bu sene yaลŸanan saldฤฑrฤฑ ve katliamlar Duque hรผkรผmetinin barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑnฤฑn ana noktalarฤฑndan biri olan sivil toplumun korunmasฤฑnฤฑ saฤŸlayamadฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ gรถsteriyor. Fakat 2016 yฤฑlฤฑnda gรถrkemli tรถrenler ve sembolik birliktelikler ile baลŸlayan umut sรถnmรผลŸ deฤŸil. GeรงtiฤŸimiz sene ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlarฤฑn bir arada protesto edilmesi ve kitlesel protestolardaki barฤฑลŸ vurgusu, barฤฑลŸ iรงin desteฤŸin varlฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ gรถsteriyor. Hem yerelde hem de ลŸehirlerde kadฤฑn รถrgรผtleri, maฤŸdurlar, sivil toplum adalet aramaya devam ediyor. Son analiz ve araลŸtฤฑrmalarฤฑn gรถsterdiฤŸi en acil dรถnรผลŸรผm yerelde barฤฑลŸ anlaลŸmasฤฑnฤฑn maddelerini uygulamak; insan haklarฤฑ aktivistleri ve yerel liderleri korumak oluyor.


[1] FARC aynฤฑ kฤฑsaltmayฤฑ kullanarak siyasi partisinin adฤฑnฤฑ โ€œHalk iรงin Alternatif Devrimci Gรผรงโ€ yapmฤฑลŸtฤฑ.

[2] Demosโ€™un Kolombiya raporu sรผreรงte, kadฤฑnlarฤฑn ve LGBTQฤฐ+ kesimin barฤฑลŸ inลŸacฤฑsฤฑ olarak daha รถnceki hiรงbir รถrnekte bu derece tanฤฑnmamฤฑลŸ olmasฤฑyla รถne รงฤฑktฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ belirtiyor. https://demos.org.tr/baris-ve-toplumsal-cinsiyet-kolombiya-baris-sureci-raporu/

[3] Open Democracy ayrฤฑca hรผkรผmetin toprak daฤŸฤฑtฤฑmฤฑ ile ilgili taahhรผtlerini yerine getirmediฤŸinin de altฤฑnฤฑ รงiziyor ve sonuรง olarak, FARC muhaliflerinin faaliyet gรถsterdiฤŸi alanlarda daha fazla รงatฤฑลŸma ortaya รงฤฑktฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ belirtiyor.

[4] Anastasia Shesterinina The Conversationโ€™daki yazฤฑsฤฑnda 13.000’den fazla eski savaลŸรงฤฑnฤฑn sivil olarak yaลŸadฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ ve bazฤฑlarฤฑnฤฑn sivil hayata topluluklar olarak girerek kolektif bir yol izlediฤŸini, diฤŸerleri kendi iลŸlerini kurup, iลŸ piyasasฤฑna girdiฤŸini veya ailelerine geri dรถndรผฤŸรผnรผ belirtiyor. Bunun yanฤฑnda birรงok eski FARC รผyesi, geรงiลŸ bรถlgeleri olarak kurulan kฤฑrsal yerlerde gruplar halinde yaลŸadฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ sรถylรผyor.

[5] Sivil toplum รถrgรผtรผ INDEPAZ รถldรผrรผlen aktivist ve liderlerin listesini tutuyor. http://www.indepaz.org.co/lideres/

[6] Sayfa i

[7] Sayfa 10

[8] Sayfa 26

Altฤฑn ลžafakโ€™a KarลŸฤฑ Mรผcadele ve Magda Fyssa

Bu yazฤฑ EลŸitlik, Adalet, Kadฤฑn Platformu’nda yayฤฑnlanmฤฑลŸtฤฑr ve yazฤฑnฤฑn sonuna okuma listesi eklenmiลŸtir.

FotoฤŸraf: Ekathimerini

Yunanistanโ€™da geรงtiฤŸimiz gรผnlerde neo-Nazi Altฤฑn ลžafak partisi hakkฤฑnda tarihi bir davada tarihi bir karar gerรงekleลŸti. BBC Tรผrkรงeโ€™nin haberinde belirttiฤŸi gibi aralarฤฑnda parti liderinin ve milletvekilliฤŸi yapmฤฑลŸ kiลŸilerin de bulunduฤŸu 70โ€™e yakฤฑn kiลŸi, โ€˜bir neo-Nazi partisinin parรงasฤฑ olarakโ€™ suรง รถrgรผtรผ kurmak, bu รถrgรผtte yer almak ve yรถnetmek, kara para aklamak, ลŸantaj, izinsiz silah bulundurmak ve ฤฑrkรงฤฑ ลŸiddet eylemleri dรผzenlemek suรงlamalarฤฑyla yargฤฑlandฤฑ. ฤฐรงinde รผst dรผzey yรถnetici ve eski vekillerin bulunduฤŸu 30 kiลŸiye farklฤฑ cezalar verildi, hapis cezasฤฑ alanlarฤฑn tutuklanmasฤฑ kararlaลŸtฤฑrฤฑldฤฑ. Altฤฑn ลžafak aleyhindeki dava, kฤฑsmen geniลŸ รถlรงeฤŸi nedeniyle uzun sรผredir devam ediyordu. 120 tanฤฑk ve yรผzden fazla ลŸiddet olayฤฑyla suรงlanan 69 sanฤฑk (18โ€™i eski Parlamento รผyesi) vardฤฑ.

Bu davanฤฑn ana takipรงilerinden ve savunucularฤฑndan biri davalardaki varlฤฑฤŸฤฑ ve aktivizmi ile oฤŸlunu Altฤฑn ลžafak รผyelerinin saldฤฑrฤฑsฤฑnda kaybeden Magda Fyssa oldu. Fyssa, Altฤฑn ลžafakโ€™a karลŸฤฑ mรผcadelenin รถn saflarฤฑnda yer aldฤฑ.

Keep Talking Greece isimli haber sitesinin belirttiฤŸi gibi Magda Fyssa, 18 Eylรผl 2013โ€™te 33 yaลŸฤฑndaki oฤŸlu Pavlosโ€™un Altฤฑn ลžafak รผyesi tarafฤฑndan kalbinden bฤฑรงaklandฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ รถฤŸrendi. Pavlos Atinaโ€™da ailesinin evinden รงok da uzakta olmayan bir kaldฤฑrฤฑmda รถldรผrรผlmรผลŸtรผ. Magda oฤŸlunun รถlรผmรผnden sonra Antifa ve demokratik destekรงilerin yardฤฑmฤฑyla sol gรถrรผลŸlรผ olduฤŸu iรงin รถldรผrรผlen oฤŸlu iรงin bรผyรผk bir kampanya baลŸlattฤฑ. Altฤฑn ลžafak รผyeleri Pavlosโ€™tan bir kaรง ay รถnce Pakistanlฤฑ bir gรถรงmen olan Sahzat Lukmanโ€™ฤฑ iลŸe giderken รถldรผrmรผลŸtรผ.

Fyssa, Nisan 2015โ€™teki Altฤฑn ลžafak davasฤฑnฤฑn baลŸlangฤฑcฤฑndan bugรผne kadar 453 mahkeme oturumundan hiรงbirini kaรงฤฑrmadฤฑ. Mahkeme salonunda oฤŸlunun cinayetinin tรผm korkunรง ayrฤฑntฤฑlarฤฑnฤฑ ve โ€œbฤฑรงaฤŸฤฑn kalbinde nasฤฑl bรผkรผldรผฤŸรผnรผโ€ duymak zorunda kaldฤฑ. Altฤฑn ลžafak destekรงileri tarafฤฑndan hakaret, saldฤฑrฤฑ ve tehditlere maruz kaldฤฑ.

GeรงtiฤŸimiz hafta Altฤฑn ลžafak Partisiโ€™nin tarihi bir karar ile โ€œsuรง รถrgรผtรผโ€™ olduฤŸu kararฤฑ aรงฤฑklandฤฑktan sonra โ€œbaลŸardฤฑn oฤŸlumโ€ diyerek haykฤฑrmasฤฑ sosyal medyada รงokรงa paylaลŸฤฑldฤฑ ve Fyssaโ€™nฤฑn uzun mรผcadelesini gรถzler รถnรผne serdi. DuruลŸma รถncesinde adliyenin รถnรผnde 15 binden fazla kiลŸi partiye karลŸฤฑ toplandฤฑ. Adliyenin รถnรผnde toplananlar ise โ€œPavlos yaลŸฤฑyorโ€ sloganlarฤฑ atarak Fyssaโ€™yฤฑ ve Altฤฑn ลžafakโ€™a karลŸฤฑ mรผcadeleyi destekledi.

Moira Lavelleโ€™nin the Wire dergisinde belirttiฤŸini gibi avukatlar, ลŸiddetin รถrgรผtรผn en tepesinden Nazi ideolojisiyle yapฤฑldฤฑฤŸฤฑnฤฑ kanฤฑtladฤฑ. Bu รงarลŸamba gรผnรผ diฤŸer cezalar ile birlikte Fissasโ€™ฤฑ bฤฑรงakla รถldรผren Altฤฑn ลžafak รผyesi Yorgos Rupakiasโ€™a ise oy birliฤŸiyle รถmรผr boyu hapis cezasฤฑ verildi.

Bu karar, 2008 ekonomik krizinden sonra yรผkseliลŸe geรงen, gรถรงmenlere, ฤฑrkรงฤฑlฤฑk karลŸฤฑtฤฑ, LGBTQ aktivistlere, sendikacฤฑlara saldฤฑrฤฑlarฤฑ ve รผyelerinin Nazileri รถven aรงฤฑklamalarฤฑyla bilinen Altฤฑn ลžafak iรงin รถnemli bir darbe oldu. Partinin suรง รถrgรผtรผ olduฤŸu kararฤฑnฤฑn halihazฤฑrda azalmฤฑลŸ desteฤŸinin daha da dรผลŸรผreceฤŸi dรผลŸรผnรผlรผyor.

Okuma Listesi

Atlantic, How to Beat the Nazis in 2020 https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/10/golden-dawn-greece-far-right/616642/

Neo-fascist Golden Dawn party crashes out of Greek parliament

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/8/neo-fascist-golden-dawn-party-crashes-out-of-greek-parliament

Greeceโ€™s Nazi Golden Dawn Has Finally Been Ruled a Criminal Organisation

https://thewire.in/world/greeces-nazi-golden-dawn-has-finally-been-ruled-a-criminal-organisation

Why did Golden Dawn’s neo-Nazi leaders get away with it for so long?
Daniel Trilling

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/08/golden-dawn-neo-nazi-violence-greece-political-class

Golden Dawn: the rise and fall of Greeceโ€™s neo-Nazis

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/mar/03/golden-dawn-the-rise-and-fall-of-greece-neo-nazi-trial

‘Their ideas had no place here’: how Crete kicked out Golden Dawn

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/03/their-ideas-had-no-place-here-how-crete-kicked-out-golden-dawn

Populism and Femicide in Turkey

Photo by Begรผm Zorlu

by Balki Begumhan Bayhan & Begรผm Zorlu

Pฤฑnar Gรผltekin, a 27-year-old student murdered by her ex-partner in July, whose death began the #ChallengeAccepted movement on Instagram. Source: Ahval/Facebook

On 21 July 2020, 27-year old university student Pฤฑnar Gรผltekin was murdered by her ex-boyfriend, becoming another victim of Turkeyโ€™s wave of femicides. Gรผltekin was declared missing for six days before she was found dead, strangled to death for refusing to reconcile with her former partner.

The news of Gรผltekinโ€™s murder sparked protests across the country, with women taking to the streets in more than ten cities. The largest demonstrations took place across various neighbourhoods of Istanbul, gathering thousands of people. Smaller-scale protests also took place in less-populous Turkish cities including ฤฐzmir, Edirne, Mersin and Malatya.

On more than one occasion, women protesting gender-based violence were met with violence themselves. In ฤฐzmir, police officers brutally intervened in the protest and several women were beaten. Videos from the event captured scenes of women being manhandled and dragged away by police officers. 12 were taken into custody, although they were later released.

Women in Turkey have also taken to social media to protest femicides and express support for the Istanbul Convention โ€“ an international treaty on preventing violence against women โ€“ from which the Turkish government has expressed its intention to withdraw. The social media movement has involved women sharing photos of themselves in black and white on Instagram or Twitter under the hashtags โ€˜#ChallengeAcceptedโ€™ and โ€˜#IstanbulSozlesmesiYasatirโ€™ (the Istanbul Convention Keeps Women Alive). Although it first started to trend in Turkey after Gรผltekinโ€™s murder, this movement has now spread outside the country. Millions of women have participated in this social media movement โ€“ including high-profile celebrities such as Jessica Biel and Christina Aguilera.

Since the news of the murder of Gรผltekin, 11 women โ€“ Bahar ร–zcan, Seher Fak, Mรผcella Demir, Sรผheyla Yฤฑlmaz, Derya Aslan, Emine YanฤฑkoฤŸlu, Dรถndรผ and Beyza Kandur, Gรถnรผl Gรถkรงe, Sรผmmeye AteลŸ, ลžule Bilgin and an unnamed 4-year-old girl โ€“ have met a similar fate. These tragic murders are, unfortunately, in no way isolated incidents. They form part of a larger pattern that has been emerging in Turkey under the countryโ€™s increasingly authoritarian Justice and Development Party (AKP) government.

Populism Meets Anti-Gender Discourse

Under the AKP, the number of women killed by men has increased rapidly. Since 2010, more than 3,000 women have been murdered as a result of male violence, with the figure more than doubling over the years. The vast majority of these women were killed for making decisions about their own lives โ€“ breaking up with a partner or rejecting menโ€™s advances.

The increasing rate of femicide in Turkey. Source: We Will Stop Femicide Platform

Turkeyโ€™s recent controversy around the withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention can be interpreted as a manifestation of the broader anti-gender discourse of many right-wing populist parties. Similarly, Polandโ€™s conservative Law and Justice Party government has also been attacking the Convention, framing it as a menace to the family structure โ€“ with some of its officials arguing that it promotes โ€˜gay ideology.โ€™ The debate around Turkeyโ€™s possible withdrawal began after President Recep Tayyip ErdoฤŸan, in typical populist fashion, stated that โ€˜if the people want us to leave it, weโ€™ll leave it.โ€™ The arguments for leaving the Convention have been similar to those in Poland. In both cases they are built upon decades-old anti-feminist discourses, with advocates of withdrawal claiming that it โ€˜empowers LGBT+ groupsโ€™ and โ€˜destroys families.โ€™

As part of the AKPโ€™s polarising strategies against political opposition, the partyโ€™s officials have vocally criticised forms of womanhood that do not fit into the roles envisaged by their conservative understanding of the family structure. With increasing emphasis on womenโ€™s traditional roles, in 2011 the Ministry of Women and Family Affairs was rebranded to remove reference to women, becoming the Ministry of Family and Social Policies. In the past, AKP officials and ErdoฤŸan himself have repeatedly made discriminatory statements against women. For instance, the president has been quoted saying that โ€˜women are not equal to menโ€™ and called for women to have โ€˜at least three children.โ€™

The Way Forward

The governmentโ€™s attempt to turn the Istanbul Convention into a wedge issue has backfired. There is no clear segment of society against it, and according to an opinion poll by Turkey Report only 8.8 percent of the population want to withdraw, and 51.7 percent are not even aware of its contents.

While the number of femicides has steadily increased, the Turkish government has failed to implement measures to protect women or introduce any reforms to tackle gender inequality. According to the Judicial Records statistics in 2019, most of the complaints made by women of sexual and physical violence do not result in a prosecution. This year, Turkey ranked 130th out of 153 countries in the World Economic Forumโ€™sโ€ฏGlobal Gender Gap Index. Womenโ€™s rights activists are outraged by the deteriorating situation that is worsened by the proposal to withdraw from the treaty, with many arguing that it was never properly implemented in the first place.

Mobilised by outrage and solidarity, the womenโ€™s movement has made its presence felt in the mainstream of Turkish society, through both vocal social media campaigns and a tangible presence in the streets through mass protests. Gรผlseren Onanรง โ€“ who served as the vice president of the Republican Peopleโ€™s Party (CHP) and the founder of the Equality, Justice and Women Platform โ€“ has told the authors that she is administrating a new project called โ€˜the Voice of Women,โ€™ which aims to empower women on social media. She, like many feminist activists in Turkey, believes that effective use of social media is crucial to create awareness of, and action on, womenโ€™s rights and equality demands.

Bianet Yazฤฑ Dizisi- Arap Ayaklanmalarฤฑnฤฑn BeลŸinci Yฤฑlฤฑ

tunus_510

Alฤฑntฤฑ: Arap Ayaklanmalarฤฑ Yazฤฑ Dizisine BaลŸlarkenย 

‘2011’de deฤŸiลŸimย iรงin yรผrรผyen kitlelerย ekmek ve adalet iรงin sokaklara dรถkรผlmรผลŸtรผ.ย Bu yรผzden 2011’in hedeflerinden 2016’nฤฑn hayal kฤฑrฤฑklฤฑklarฤฑna ve umuduna uzanan yolculukta bu coฤŸrafyanฤฑn insanlarฤฑnฤฑn sesini duyurmaya รงalฤฑลŸtฤฑk’.

ย Serinin Yazฤฑlarฤฑ

Mete ร‡ubukรงu Ayaklanmalarฤฑn 5 Yฤฑlฤฑnฤฑ Anlattฤฑ

Arap Ayaklanmalarฤฑ’nฤฑn 5. Yฤฑlฤฑ: Kronoloji

Yedi รœlkede Arap Ayaklanmalarฤฑ’nฤฑn Dรผnรผ Bugรผnรผ

Mฤฑsฤฑr’da Her ลžey Mรผmkรผndรผ; Buraya Nasฤฑl Geldik?

“Ulusal Mutabakat SaฤŸlanmadan Mฤฑsฤฑr Halkฤฑ Gรผvende Olmayacaktฤฑr”

“Mฤฑsฤฑr, ฤฐran Devrimi Gibi Kendi DeฤŸerlerinden Dรถndรผ”

Amerikalฤฑ Bir Gazetecinin OrtadoฤŸu Gรผncesi

BeลŸ Yฤฑl Sonra Ayaklanmanฤฑn BaลŸladฤฑฤŸฤฑ Tunus’taย 

ย Arap Devrimleri ve Suriye: BeลŸ Yฤฑl Sonraย 

Suriye Devrimiโ€™nin Yaratฤฑcฤฑ Hafฤฑzasฤฑ

โ€œGรถrmรผyor musun Ben Vatanฤฑmฤฑ Kaybettim?โ€

Mฤฑsฤฑr Devrimi’nin Sesi Essam’ฤฑn Hikayesi: “ร‡alฤฑnan Bahar”

Can Ertunaโ€™nฤฑn Gรถzรผnden Arap ฤฐsyanlarฤฑ

Seri iรงin tฤฑklayฤฑn.

Voices From Egypt After the Military Coup: A Quest For National Consensus

490-330
This is an extract of the POMEAS (Project on the Middle East After the Arab Spring) interview.
Mahmoud Makade, a resident of Cairo and the general secretary of Tomorrows Youth Liberal Organization answers our questions about the Egyptian uprising of 2011 and the path that re- created an elevated form of authoritarianism in the country.
ย 
To start off from an individual point of view, how can you describe the uprising, were you part of the movement then, how was the first mobilization setting off from the streets of Cairo?
I was the general secretary of Tomorrows Youth Liberal Organization since 2010 he was a university student in Cairo. For us the demonstrations did not start in 2011. We prepared for protesting before 2010, with the 6th of April movement. There were also people in support of different figures, Muslim
Brotherhood, socialists. There were various active political groups before the revolution. They were preparing huge protest for reforms in 14 January 2011.
When Bin Ali ran away from Tunisia and we heard about the Jasmine revolution impatience rose in Egypt. We were ready to ask for more. So we felt that we had the power at 25 th of January to march. We made banners in public areas around Cairo trying to ask people to make a demonstration against Hosni Mubarak.
We were surprised because we didnโ€™t accept this turnout.
So why do you think they joined the protest, then?
First, in the last ten years there was a certain date for protesting in squares with a demand. This started with 9 th of April 2003 when American invaded Iraq. It was the first time when Egyptian people protested against the regime. This was the first time after 1952 they started to chant against the head of government.
Then what happened in 2004 remained crucial. The Kefaya- ูƒูุงูŠุฉ (Enough) movement said no for extension and no for heritability. There was a new opening in 2005 when Ayman Nour was a candidate of the Liberal Party against Hosni Mubarak. But the conclusion was the fraud elections and then they
arrested him for 5 years.
6 April Movement was one of the most important social protests but still, it was not massive. So, 25 January came like a carnival for us. It was a result of the struggling of almost 7 years. In 2005 we werenโ€™t more than 200-300 protestors when we were chanting against Hosni Mubarak. In January we were 250 000 in
60 minutes at Tahrir square.
The popular congestion came with the high prices and the non-changing rates of poverty and unemployment. 12 million Egyptians live in the suburbs and they were upset and had enough. So we used these problems against Hosni Mubarak.
We used another technique, which was really important. It was the slums they are not organized by the government. So we tried to communicate with youth groups that are not related to political parties. We used it for football fans and we succeed to communicate with them. Al-Ahly and Al-Zamalek Ultras fans, we
couldnโ€™t have this revolution without them.
The difference from any protests since 2005 to 2011 was that 2005 wasnโ€™t a mass movement. The mass movement made a revolution. What about the influence of workers on the revolution?
The workers have their story with strikes since the 1970s; they had a lot of important strikes since 2010 until the military coup until 2013. The 2013 coup repressed the worker movement like any other movement in Egypt. Between the strikes of the 1980s and now there is a difference. The slogans were different. In
The 1970s there were chanting for democracy and freedom now today they only say functional slogans, not for broader ones. Their outlook is a certain target.
Strikes took place in Mahalla textile workers In Mahalla 2008 they smashed the statue of Hosni Mubarak with their shoes. During the 18 days of the revolution, they used civil disobedience, most of them didnโ€™t go to work.
The Copts have supported the revolution and experienced the military-policy brutality in and in the aftermath of the fall of Mubarak like the Maspero events.
How about their position now with the Sisi government? It is said that the Copts support Sisi. Can you name some of the reasons for this support?
In the Tahrir uprising, the head of the Coptic church Pope Shenouda III told the Christian Egyptians not to join the protests against Hosni Mubarak. The pope was really popular and they really liked him, but the Christian youth kept sharing videos on the Internet that meant โ€˜we respect the pope we got his orders but we are Egyptian and we have the right of revolution and be against Hosni Mubarakโ€™.
The Christians were one of the main actors of the Egyptian Revolution. Unfortunately, many accidents happened. From the radical Islamists in many cities there were attacks and also they destroyed a church in Cairo. They cut an ear of Christian man. When a Christian governor was elected in Qena they protested in front of his office and because of the protests, the government replaced him. There were speeches from people around Morsi with negative statements.
That is what made them stand by anyone who will topple the Muslim Brotherhood. They didnโ€™t want Muslims to reach authority. Until 1952 there was no difference between Muslims, Jews, Christians. For more than 60 years the military rule they destroyed this togetherness. The huge part of the Muslims in
Egypt sees Christians just as guests and they should leave and I am not kidding they have monsters in church for attacking Muslims.
On the other hand, Christians think that they own Egypt and the Muslims came from Arabia and they forced Egyptian people to convert to Islam and Egypt is a Christian country once the Muslims will leave it will be Coptic again.
The regime of Sisi is playing with fire and is double-faced. It says that it is protecting Copts from Muslim groups but Sisi was arresting people who were eating at Ramadan, at the same time he is arresting Christian people and accusing them that they are Muslim Brotherhood.
What about the popular faces that appeared after Tahrir? Bloggers, alternative media and revolution were an important point of discussion. Where are those people today?
They were a lot of public figures like Yusri Fuda, Moataz Matar, Reem Majid, Basem Yousif who were really speaking with the voice of the revolution. These voices are silent now. Some of them were depressed, felt helpless and they saw their selves like they did something wrong they are disappointed that the
revolution ended like this. Some left Egypt, some are in Turkey, some are banned on TV.
In Morsi era the media-revolution relations were different. He tried to push the public figures and make them close circles but he didnโ€™t arrest them and put a censor on them but the Sisi regime is doing it directly. He is doing it directly to the public figures not to show their ideas.
What were the new parties that were born from the movement of the revolution and were crucial for the movement itself?
I think the most important one was โ€˜No to Military Trials for Civiliansโ€™. University students like Mona Seif led it. She was a 19-year- old student now in the jail for 3 years. They charged her with the protest law.
A lot of feminist groups started since the revolution and it was very important for women. The problem of the movements was that they didnโ€™t work well together that is why we are seeing this picture now.
Most of them lay on the ground in front of the tank or depressed in their home or dead or prison in his cell. Some of the parties who showed up in the revolution led by businessman Naguib Sawiris and also Amr Musa today they are today pro Sisi.
We know that under the Sisi regime not only Muslim Brotherhood but also people from different groups are arrested like fans, students what kind of organizations do they come from what are they sentenced for?
What is happening in Egypt now is arresting anyone who is trying to think, anyone with creative ideas from every part of the society. It can be said that it was the same in the 1952 military coup. There is a resemblance between the eras. They prepare the charge before each one is arrested with no investigation.
When they judge someone they put the label the terrorist organization.
The regime is judging with terror even pro Sisi people are getting arrested. So in your opinion would there still be a coup no matter who governed like if there wasnโ€™t an Islamist government would there still be a coup? I think that who ever controlling Egypt after the revolution would have the same faith. It wouldnโ€™t matter if it is leftist liberal Islamism. But Morsi made mistakes with rebels and the national coalition. The Egyptian revolution made this coup easier.
On the other hand Morsi trusted Sisi, which turned out to be one of his main mistakes. When Morsi made the ministries he was thinking Sisi agreed with theMuslim Brotherhood. He was saying that the Muslim Brotherhood Sisi made Islam entering the Egyptian army.
In this atmosphere is there a place for free jurisdiction?
In 11 February 2011 our problem was the police till killing arresting and torturing us. Before, we trusted the army and courts more or less. Today we donโ€™t trust anyone nor the court and the army and it is a huge problem that Egypt faces.
After the coup the trust between the people army and court is over. I donโ€™t know where it will take us for sure there are honest judges but the problem is the system itself. Judges working in the Mubarak regime are still in power. The stability of all our ministries was necessary for a victory. So it was clear that the
revolution was not finished in Egypt we need independence of judges we need to have main government organizations to change army and police.
Political activity in Egypt stopped at 3 July we do protests sometimes we try to protest and invite people to continue the revolution each time we protest the government arrests most of our group.
The vice president of our organization was shot by a gun when he was protesting he is still in the hospital. The Egyptian government attacked our main office and throw our stuff at the street now they are pushing us not to open office again. The political is linked with the economy there is no economic development without
democracy there is no democracy without freedom there is no freedom without being safe and there is no safety for Egyptians before national consensus. For that there has to be unity among Egyptian people, there has to be transitional justice.
Sisi after the 2nd of June 2013 became a main part of the problem, the only solution is him leaving. Sisi is trying to calm the people down but there will be a spark that will start an explosion. Maybe this explosion will be kind of a hunger revolution and I hope that wonโ€™t happen as a hunger revolution with high
consequences. Or maybe this explosion will be the national consensus between the rebel parties that was separated in the Egyptian revolution.
There are millions who adore Sisi but every day he loses support. That was clear when he was candidate people didnโ€™t go to box. Every political, economic, social failure feeds the unpopularity. The problems increased after the revolution but in Sisi time it got worse. He said that he would build building units for people in the slums, but nothing. The economic situation will destroy Sisi because it is not
sustainable. All the rebels are arrested and there are more than 40 000 political prisoners, the government here doesnโ€™t build houses but jails.
So as a last word national consensus is a must. This was our mistake in the revolution. This is what we will try to reach first.